Definition
Acetaminophen poisoning is an overdose of the over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication, acetaminophen (eg, Tylenol). These drugs are usually safe when used as recommended. The maximum daily dose of acetaminophen is four grams. Patients with chronic diseases (especially liver disease) may need to limit themselves to three grams a day. Acetaminophen poisoning may occur as a result of one large dose or chronic overdoses. This is a potentially serious condition that requires care from your doctor.
Causes
An overdose of acetaminophen can result from:
- Intentional overdose (eg, suicide attempt)
- Accidental overdose (eg, unsupervised children, altered judgment regarding appropriate acetaminophen intake, or when abusing alcohol))
- Combining medications that contain acetaminophen (Acetaminophen is found in more combination products than any other drug; examples include acetaminophen and codeine, as well as acetaminophen and aspirin.)
- Toxic levels of acetaminophen may also occur in patients with liver failure who are taking recommended doses
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
The following factors increase your chance of developing acetaminophen poisoning:
Age: 15-24 years or older than 40 years (People over 40 are more likely to have severe effects.)
Gender: female
Suicidal behavior
Symptoms
Symptoms include:
Nausea
Vomiting
Excessive sweating
Pale skin
Symptoms of liver failure:
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Malaise
Abdominal pain (especially in the upper right portion of the abdomen)
Pale skin
Excessive sweating
Jaundice
Confusion, stupor
Jaundice Skin from Damaged Liver
Healthy liver on the left compared to diseased liver on the right that has caused jaundice of the skin.
2008 Nucleus Medical Art, Inc.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Tests may include the following:
Blood testsdone to determine the level of acetaminophen in your blood and to determine liver function (eg, liver enzyme tests, coagulation tests)
Rumack-Matthew nomograman assessment to determine the effect on the liver. The test measures blood levels of acetaminophen relative to the time since ingestion of the medication.
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:
Monitoring
For children who have relatively low levels of acetaminophen in their blood, monitoring at home may be recommended.
Activated Charcoal
Your doctor may recommend activated charcoal. This can help prevent acetaminophen from absorbing in the gastrointestinal tract. It is taken by mouth.
N-acetylcysteine
In most cases, N-acetylcysteine, an amino acid, will be given by mouth or IV (through the vein) as an antidote.
Prevention
To help reduce your chances of getting acetaminophen poisoning, take the following steps:
Follow your doctor's or the package directions regarding dosing and duration of therapy when taking acetaminophen; always ask your doctor if you have questions.
Do not substitute sustained-release acetaminophen preparations for immediate-release preparations without adjusting the dosing interval.
When taking combination medications (eg, cold medications), read the label to determine if acetaminophen is an ingredient; avoid taking multiple medications at once that contain acetaminophen.
Avoid heavy alcohol intake.
RESOURCES:
American Academy of Pediatrics
http://www.aap.org
American Association of Poison Control Centers
http://www.aapcc.org
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Institute for Health Information
http://www.cihi.ca/cihiweb
Children's SafetyCanadian Poison Control Centers
http://www.safekid.org/pcc.htm
References:
AAP policy on acetaminophen toxicity in children. American Academy of Family Physicians website. Available at: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20011201/clinical.html#3. Accessed February 14, 2007.
Acetaminophen poisoning. DynaMed website. Available at: http://dynamed102.epnet.com/Detail.aspx?id=113862#charc. Accessed February 14, 2007.
Anker AL, Smilkstein MJ. Acetaminophen. Concepts and controversies. Emerg Med Clin North Am . 1994 May; 12(2): 335-49.
Vassallo S, Khan AN, Howland MA. Use of the Rumack-Matthew nomogram in cases of extended-release acetaminophen toxicity. Ann Intern Med . 1996 Dec 1;125(11):940.
Last reviewed March 2008 by Mark A. Best, MD, MPH, MBA
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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