Definition
The heart is comprised of four chambers: two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). Electrical signals regulate the heart beat, and help the atria and ventricles work together in the same rhythm. The blood from the atria is pushed into the ventricles, and then leaves the heart to circulate to the rest of the body.
Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal fast beating ( arrhythmia ) in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart. These fast beats prevent the atria from pushing all the blood into the ventricles. As a result, the ventricles push less blood into the body.
Atrial flutter may be an acute or chronic recurring disorder. When treated, atrial flutter is not usually life-threatening. However, it may increase your risk of developing blood clots and stroke .
This condition can be treated. Contact your doctor if you think you may have atrial flutter.
Anatomy of the Heart
2008 Nucleus Medical Art, Inc.
Causes
Atrial flutter may be caused by the following:
- Heart disease
- Heart surgeryatrial flutter is most common during the first few weeks after open-heart surgery
- Disease elsewhere in the body that affects the functioning of the heart
- Intake of substances such as caffeine, alcohol, diet pills, or certain types of prescription or over-the-counter medication that affect the electrical impulses of the heart
- Stress and anxiety
Risk Factors
The following factors increase your chance of developing atrial flutter. If you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor:
Heart diseaseHeart surgery History of high blood pressure (hypertension) Abnormalities of the heart or heart valves (eg, hypertrophy, mitral valve prolapse ) Overactive thyroid gland ( hyperthyroidism ) History of chronic lung disease (eg, emphysema , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) High levels of stress or anxietyChronic use of caffeine, alcohol, diet pills, or certain types of prescription or over-the-counter medication (such as cold medicines)Atrial flutter is more likely to develop in older adults. SymptomsIf you experience any of these symptoms, do not assume the cause is due to atrial flutter. These symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. If you experience any one of them consistently, see your physician. Atrial flutter does not always produce symptoms. However, symptoms, when present, include: A fluttering or tremor-like feeling in the chestPalpitations (rapid heart beat or pounding sensation in the chest)Pressure or discomfort in the chestShortness of breathAnxietyDizziness or fainting DiagnosisYour doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. Depending on your condition, your doctor may also recommend that you see a cardiologist or arrhythmia specialist. This type of physician may be found in a larger hospital.
Tests may include the following: Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) a test that records the heart's activity by measuring electrical currents through the heart muscle Holter monitora device worn around the neck that will continuously record your heart rhythm for a 24-72 hoursEchocardiogram a test that uses high-frequency sounds waves (ultrasound) to examine the size, shape, and motion of the heart Electrophysiological or EP studya test in which catheters are threaded through arteries in your groin or neck all the way into your heart. This test may identify the exact source of an abnormal rhythm. An area of the heart responsible for an abnormal rhythm may also be treated during the course of this study. (See ablation therapy ) TreatmentThe goal of treating atrial flutter is to slow down the electrical impulses that are sent from the atria (upper chamber of the heart) to the ventricles (lower chamber of the heart), restore normal rhythm, and prevent future episodes. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following: Pharmacologic (Medication) TherapyMedication may be given to slow the rapid heart rate and convert the atrial flutter to a normal rhythm. These medications may include:
Beta-blockers (eg, metoprolol)DigoxinAdenosineNonhydropyridine calcium channel antagonists (eg, diltiazem, verapamil) Other medications called anitarrhythmics may be used to help your heart maintain a normal rhythm: Sotalol (Betapace)Propafenone (Rythmol)Flecainide (Tambecor)Amiodarone (Cordarone)Dofetilide (Tikosyn)Ibutilide (Corvert) Cardioversion (Defibrillation)An external defibrillator is applied to the chest, and uses electrical current to shock the heart back to its normal rhythm. Ablation Therapy For patients with recurrent atrial flutter that cannot be controlled with medications, ablation can be performed during the course of an EP study. Using the same catheters, an area of the heart from which an abnormal electrical rhythm is generated can be destroyed. This can be curative for atrial flutter. Blood ThinnersWhen atrial flutter is recurrent, blood thinners (warfarin) are an important therapy to prevent blood clots that can cause strokes or other serious complications. Prevention To help reduce your chances of getting atrial flutter, take the following steps: Reduce or eliminate use of caffeine, stimulants, alcohol, nicotine, certain medications (eg, cold medicine, diet pills) or recreational drugsObtain treatment for any underlying heart or lung diseaseReduce your levels of stress and anxietyCheck with your doctor before taking any new medications, herbs, or supplements RESOURCES:
American Heart Associationhttp://www.americanheart.org American College of Cardiologyhttp://www.acc.org National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutehttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov CANADIAN RESOURCES: Canadian Cardiovascular Societyhttp://www.ccs.ca Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canadahttp://ww2.heartandstroke.ca References: Atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm Society website. Available at http://www.hrspatients.org/patients/heart%5Fdisorders/atrial_fibrillation/aflutter.asp . Accessed August 15, 2005. Atrial flutter and treatment. American Heart Association website. Available at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=52 . Accessed August 14, 2005. Fauci AS, et al. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine . 14th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1998. Lee KW, Yang Y, Scheinman MM. Atrial flutter: a review of its history, mechanisms, clinical features, and current therapy. Curr Prob Cardiol . 2005;30(3):121-167. Last reviewed February 2008 by Michael J. Fucci, DOPlease be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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