Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS, Premenstrual Tension Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, PMDD, Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Di
Posted July 1, 2008 6:44 PM
Posted in
(PMS, Premenstrual Tension Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, PMDD, Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder)
Definition
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder marked by physical and emotional symptoms. It affects women one or two weeks before the beginning of their menstrual period.
The Menstrual Flow
© 2008 Nucleus Medical Art, Inc.
Causes
The cause of PMS is unknown. It may be that a complex combination of environmental, metabolic, and behavioral factors produces a vulnerability to the hormonal changes associated with menstruation. A brain chemical, serotonin, may play a role in severe forms of PMS.
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors include:
- Age: 25-40
- Going off birth control pills
- Major life stress
- Depression
Symptoms
Symptoms can be extremely distressing and may include:
- Irritability
- Mood swings
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Diminished self-esteem
- Difficulty concentrating
- Sleep problems
- Appetite changes (sugar and/or salt cravings, overeating)
- Weight gain
- Fatigue
- Bloating
- Headache
- Breast swelling and tenderness
- Palpitations
- Dizziness
- Gastrointestinal upset
- Diffuse muscle pain
Symptoms improve when bleeding starts (menstrual period).
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam.
It is a good idea to keep a record of your monthly physical and emotional symptoms. These symptoms will most likely occur 1-2 weeks before your menstrual period. You may have PMS when symptoms occur at the same phase of the menstrual cycle each month.
Treatment
Many treatments have been used to relieve symptoms. No one treatment has been found to be always effective for all symptoms, for all women. Treating one or two symptoms may help to improve the whole syndrome. Treatments include:
Stress Management
Stress may be managed through lifestyle changes. Relaxation techniques, deep breathing, massage, music, and hot baths can also help reduce stress.
Dietary Changes
Dietary changes may be helpful. They include decreasing intake of salt, sugar, and caffeine. Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, cola, diet sodas, and chocolate. Eating small, frequent meals may also help.
Vitamins and Minerals
The following vitamin and mineral supplements might help reduce PMS symptoms:
Regular Exercise
Research suggests that women who engage in moderate activity suffer less PMS-related symptoms than sedentary women.
Medications
Diuretics can reduce bloating and fluid retention. Prostaglandin inhibitors, such as Motrin, can effectively relieve cramps, headaches, and muscle aches.
Oral Contraceptives
Combined oral contraceptives may help physical symptoms associated with PMS. You may need to try several brands before finding one that helps. Progesterone alone may also help some women.
Antidepressants
Antidepressants, such as Zoloft and Prozac, are helpful in managing the depression associated with PMS.
Sexual Activity With Orgasm
Sexual activity (including masturbation) may help relieve aching muscles and sluggish circulation. It moves blood and fluids away from congested organs.
Psychotherapy
Women with severe PMS symptoms may benefit from cognitive (behavioral) therapy. Therapy may help reduce negative emotions and enhance problem-solving skills in relationships. It may also help manage obstacles, frustrations, and discomfort.
Prevention
- Manage stress.
- Eat a healthful diet, one that is low in saturated fat and rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
- Consumer less refined sugar, salt, and caffeine.
- Do regular aerobic exercise.
RESOURCES:
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists
http://www.acog.org/
The National Women's Health Information Center
http://www.4woman.gov/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
http://www.sogc.org/
Women's Health Matters
http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/
References:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. US Department of Health and Human Services website. Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/. Accessed June 15, 2008.
Frye GM, Silverman SD. Is it premenstrual syndrome?Keys to focused diagnosis, therapies for multiple symptoms. Postgrad Med. 2000;107(5).
Premenstrual syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamicmedical.com/dynamed.nsf. Accessed October 14, 2005.
Premenstrual syndrome. National Library of Medicine website. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/premenstrualsyndrome.html. Accessed October 14, 2005.
Last reviewed December 2007 by Jill Landis, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
Source: EBSCO
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