Spinal Stenosis

Definition

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the space called the spinal canal, which is located within the backbone. The spinal canal is a small space that holds the nerve roots and spinal cord. If for any reason this space becomes smaller, it can squeeze the nerves and the spinal cord, causing pain and other symptoms. Stenosis can occur anywhere along the spinal cord, but it is more common in the lumbar region.

Causes

Some people are born with narrowed canals, but most often stenosis is a result of aging. Conditions that can cause spinal stenosis include:

• Osteoarthritis and osteophytes (bony spurs) associated with aging
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Spinal tumors
• Trauma
• Paget's disease of the bone
• Previous surgery

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.

• Being born with a narrow spinal canal
• Age: 50 or older
• Previous injury or surgery of the spine

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Numbness, weakness, cramping, or pain in the legs and thighs
• Radiating pain down the leg
• Abnormal bowel and/or bladder function
• Decreased sensation in the feet causing difficulty placing the feet when walking
• Loss of sexual function
• Partial or complete paralysis of legs

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam.

Tests may include:

• X-ray —a test that uses radiation to take pictures of structures inside the body; in this case, to check for abnormalities in the bones of the back including osteoarthritis, bone spurs, and obvious narrowing of the spinal canal.
• CT scan —a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the bony architecture of the back, which helps to evaluate the spinal canal
• MRI scan —a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of soft tissue, such as the spinal cord and the spinal nerves inside the back

Treatment

Treatments include:

Prevention

There are no guidelines for preventing spinal stenosis.