Vitamins: Not Quite So Easy as A, B or C

Next time you visit your local pharmacist, pause in the aisle containing vitamin supplements, and take in the quantities and varieties of pills and potions. Tiny boxes and bottles stretch as far as the eye can see, affirming that even in these cash-strapped times, the gorging of such "miracle cures" continues to be big business.

But as the U.K. population continues to shell out millions annually on vitamin supplements, the scientific evidence supporting their efficacy is waning. Earlier this month, U.S. scientists discovered that taking vitamins A and E does not lower your risk of cancer, one of the supposed major benefits of taking them.

"There have been a number of previous studies that have suggested that vitamin E and vitamin C might be important in the prevention of cancer," says Dr. Howard Sesso, one of those involved in the recent research. "The lack of an effect that we observe for vitamin E or C on cancer does convince us that these particular doses that we tested really have no role for recommendation for cancer prevention," continues the academic. The clinical trials he oversaw involved nearly 15,000 American men.

Another recent study, part-funded by German chemicals firm BASF, whose products include vitamins, working in association with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, discovered that there were no significant effects on rates of heart disease after taking vitamins E and C. Two months ago, a major trial studying whether vitamin E and selenium (which, among other things, helps regulate hormone metabolism in the thyroid) could lower a man's risk of prostate cancer ended amid worries that such treatments may do more harm than good. As if that were not enough, doctors at New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center have warned that vitamin C seems to protect not only healthy cells, but cancer cells, too.

So should we be taking vitamin supplements at all? "We say that people don't need to take vitamin supplements to have a healthy balanced diet. The only situation in which you should have to take vitamin supplements is if you are elderly or suffering from a long-term illness. People should address whether they have a healthy diet rather than seeing vitamins as a complete solution," says Heather Caswell, nutrition scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation.

"People get a lot of vitamins from food," adds health expert and author Oliver Gillie. "The exception is, of course, if you have too many things in your diet that are vitamin-depleted because they are totally refined. This includes cake and biscuits, which have large amounts of refined starches in them. On the other hand, if you are eating brown bread and you are consuming lots of vegetables, and a certain amount of meat and eggs, you will be OK."